Astrochemistry

What is Astrochemistry?

Astrochemistry is the study of the abundance and reactions of molecules in the universe, and their interaction with radiation. The discipline is an overlap of astronomy and chemistry. The word "Astrochemistry" may be applied to both the Solar System and the interstellar medium.

Astrochemistry is defined as the theoretical study of chemical processes in cosmic environments and the observational determination of physical parameters through the analysis of molecular species abundances in various celestial bodies.

The field of Observational Astrochemistry is at an important stage in its development. Several large-millimeter telescopes are currently operating.

With increased spatial resolution, the sites of complex molecular processing can be isolated from the overall structure of molecular clouds. More important is the fact that several interferometers are either operating (such as BIMA in California and IRAM near Grenoble), or under construction (ALMA in Chile). Many large-aperture millimeter and submillimeter telescopes are now available (such as the JCMT on Mauna Kea). These provide detailed comparative maps of clouds in the lines of specific molecules. Extragalactic Astrochemistry is coming of age, and many galaxies have now been studied in diatomic and even more complex species. The crucial step in determining abundances, and whether these reflect local chemistry or excitation conditions, can only be accomplished through the comparison between species which trace each. The coming years promise to realize this goal.

Astrochemistry

The field of Astrochemistry is concerned with the study of chemical processes that occur in extraterrestrial environments. One example of this research area is the study of the formation of chemical compounds from ‘star stuff’, the basic building blocks that fill the interstellar void and which go on to form planetary bodies and stars. Modelling this chemistry can shed light on the way molecules are produced and distributed in interstellar space, and how they may be ultimately incorporated into planets and other bodies. Improving our understanding of these processes throughout the universe expands our fundamental knowledge and gives us insight into the development of our own corner of space.

Astrochemistry at UVa covers a variety of research topics, such as: chemistry in interstellar clouds of gas and dust throughout our galaxy and others; complex organic chemistry during the collapse of portions of these clouds to produce new stars; coupled chemical and physical models of star and planet formation, including Protoplanetary Disks; and the chemical evolution of comets.

This research uses large kinetic simulations to model the concentrations of molecules, many of which are unusual by terrestrial standards given the extreme differences in temperatures and pressures from laboratory conditions. The results of these simulations can be validated and improved through comparison to spectroscopic observations of these molecules using Radio-Telescopes. Such comparisons yield a better understanding of the physical conditions in interstellar clouds, especially the regions that are collapsing to form stars. Related chemical reactions thought to occur in the interstellar medium are studied by theoretical and experimental methods; these reactions occur both in the gas phase and on surfaces of tiny dust particles known as interstellar grains. By simulating the chemistry on an astronomical timescale (millions of years), we can trace the progression of molecular complexity in the galaxy and understand the chemical enrichment of the material that will ultimately form stars and planets.

Astrochemistry

If you look up at the sky and yearn to dissect and understand what you see, you may be suited for a career as an Astrochemist. Scientists in this field study the chemicals and molecules that exist in outer space, including those that in stars, suns, and solar systems.

Astrochemists have a keen curiosity and a drive to discover new knowledge. They are driven to stay current on new technologies and the latest scientific findings that might help them further their own research. They are creative thinkers and innovative problem solvers. And, because many projects require international collaborations, they should be willing to travel—and maybe even live—abroad.

Typical Job Functions

Astrochemists examine chemical compositions and processes for stars, planets, comets, and interstellar media. Scientists in this field use Earth-based telescopes, satellites, and space vehicles to:

1. Explore how atoms, molecules, ions, and free radicals interact outside of Earth's atmosphere
2. Contribute to our understanding of geological processes on other planets
3. Examine molecules on other planets and in outer space to understand the conditions under which life might form

Astrochemistry spans the disciplines of chemistry, planetary science, chemical biology, physics, astronomy, and computational science. An Astrochemist must understand the underlying principles of data collection methods and simulations to ensure that their results are meaningful and properly interpreted. This requires patience, logical thinking, precision, and attention to detail.

Typical job functions include:

1. Collecting and analyzing data
2. Collaborating with physicists, astronomers, mathematicians, mission specialists, and others
3. Working to understand the problems colleagues are trying to solve; advising them on experiments they perform
4. Reviewing and evaluating your own research and the research of others
5. Traveling to international observatories or specialized laboratory facilities
6. Presenting research on complex concepts in terms a non-scientific audience can understand (e.g., funding agencies, the general public, government agencies)

Career Paths

Astrochemists may be employed by universities, research institutes, or government agencies (including NASA). They may also support and train facility users or students, or develop new capabilities for collecting and analyzing data.

After gaining several years of postgraduate experience, Astrochemists generally gain increasing independence and larger budgets for their work. They may supervise research teams consisting of undergraduate and graduate students, postdocs, or technical staff members.

Some experienced Astrochemists move into program management or administration, where they spend much of their time preparing budgets and schedules and obtaining funding, in addition to overseeing researchers and research programs.

Getting Started

Astrochemistry is a research-oriented field; a Ph.D. with concentrations in both chemistry and astronomy is required. Additional experience in a field of specialization (e.g., Geoscience, Physics, Mathematics, or Chemical Biology) is helpful to collaborate with colleagues in other areas of specialization. Students or recent graduates may do one or more internships or postdoctoral fellowships in preparation for obtaining a full-time career position.

Candidates for a career in Astrochemistry must have:

1. A solid background in chemistry (or a related scientific field) and an understanding of astronomical data collection and analysis methods
2. Understanding of astronomical concepts, including the behavior of light over long distances and the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter
3. Understanding of theoretical principles, including kinetics, thermodynamics, and quantum chemistry
4. Familiarity with computer modeling and statistical analysis methods

Some positions are available to chemists with bachelor's or master's degrees as support staff for Astrochemical Researchers. They may maintain

instruments and telescopes, laboratory equipment, or computational resources.